Students today seem to be in a perpetual state of cognitive dissonance. do they 'study' for marks, or for knowledge? Should they participate in a project voluntarily or wait for it to be made compulsory? Should they wait for others to participate? They tend to wait either for being persuaded by authority or by someone they like. For some, like me, 'Like' has almost become a hated word, almost like propoganda! Social Media sites like Facebook add to this dissonance, and because it is now a habit, present in your hands perpetually, it becomes all the more important.
"Should I 'Comment' or 'Like?"
"He/She commented on my last status update even though it was meaningless. So should I now comment in return?"
Do people feel compelled to 'Like' a status update even if they don't really want to?
Can you relate all this to theories of persuasion and cognitive dissonance? Any other theories too? (Look up the 'Balance Theory' on the Internet, advocated by Fritz Heider and Theodore Newcomb)
"Should I 'Comment' or 'Like?"
"He/She commented on my last status update even though it was meaningless. So should I now comment in return?"
Do people feel compelled to 'Like' a status update even if they don't really want to?
Can you relate all this to theories of persuasion and cognitive dissonance? Any other theories too? (Look up the 'Balance Theory' on the Internet, advocated by Fritz Heider and Theodore Newcomb)
The kind of cognitive dissonance specified here primarily arises out of having too much choice. A non-theoretical explanation would be simple peer pressure and the desperate need to fit in. In theory however, such dissonance finds basis in the spiral of silence where people fear being isolated in making an unpopular choice or by going against popular trends. Yes, the theory of persuasion is evident here in that persuasion is indeed a form of social influence and people like to form their opinions or act by adopting someone else's ideas.
ReplyDeleteFacebook, after all, is a 'social' media and therefore comes with the same pitfalls of a real society where people confront the barriers of communication.
Heider and Theodore's Balance Theory corroborates this social phenomenon. These theorists can be understood as saying that when people face cognitive challenges in a group or in one-on-one relationships they tend to compromise in order to maintain a sense of balance. That is true of the commonly used forms of social media interactions which are rarely more meaningful to go beyond the superficial 'likes' or 'dislikes'.
I am in complete agreement with Srirekha that there is too much of choice which was not the case earlier. This is because of fast growing technology and it becomes necessary to get an access to almost everything that is around us. Like in facebook, people are persuaded (Persuation theory) to ‘ like’ and also forcefully comment on the statuses updated or for that matter to like their profile picture even if someone doesn’t want to! There are times when you feel you have a better point to comment on the status updated, giving your true controversial opinion to the things that others are talking about; we get scared that someone might insult us. There is fear of rejection (Spiral of Silence). The more marginalized we become, the less we speak or comment. Cognition on the other hand talks about two or more ideas or beliefs at the same time. Cognitive Dissonance is somehow important because it helps us to make an accurate choice. When we desires something and don’t get it; we often criticize it ; reducing our dissonance! Likewise when students wish to ask a doubt about a topic they haven’t understood; they don’t generally ask it themselves; but instead they wait for others to take the initiative because probably they feel they would become are alone or unsupported by the rest of the students in the class
ReplyDelete(Fear of Isolation).
So everything indeed is realated to Persuation Theory and Cognitive Dissonance
desire* something
ReplyDeletebecome alone*
I think that it is true that balance theory is highly applicable. We often tend to like a post posted by someone who has significant influence over us. At the same time when someone we despise posts something, we tend to ignore it irrespective of whatever he has posted. Also when we see that a photo has many likes or comments, we just click the like button as if its comletely mechanical just because we somehow convince ourselves that it IS nice. As stated, we very often think over and over how should we comment on someone else's photo just because he put a positive and flattering comment on ours. I think that we can relate these things to the theories meantioned.
ReplyDeleteStudents study for marks and most of them just to get a degree! I have had arguments on this topic many times with my peers and every time I come to the conclusion that marks are more important as they can be seen on our marksheets. My friends say that ultimately good mark is all what everybody wants, the teacher, parents, school or college! We are compelled to do that like machines. The education system is set in such way that it’s like a cycle which is just followed and nobody questions it.
ReplyDeleteFacebook was always just a digital platform. We have given it the importance and thus has the importance of ‘like’ has increased. Liking a status, does it means anything? One of my friend said that it means we agree to that status. But I consider that like and agree are two different terms. I too agree that influence of someone tends us to think in a way and makes us hit or skip the like symbol.
Many hit the symbol to just others let know that they exist without knowing what the status says. For eg; When Jaspal Bhatti died in a car accident many liked that status. Now, can we like a news of death? So the meaning of ‘like’ for facebook seems different. We just tend to like status because we feel the fear of being isolated. So does it also mean that by clicking the like symbol we make our voice or presence to others?
Many may feel that way but I don’t. Balance theory explains how we are influenced to like or dislike something just to maintain our psychological balance. I feel that technopoly by Neil Postman can also be applied to this other than Cognitive Dissonance and Balance theory.
I agree with the comment that says marks are important; nobody wants a student who is smart with no marks. How many times have we heard, ‘show this smartness in your paper’? It’s sad that all the smartness and intelligence is brought down to one exam. Fortunately or unfortunately marks play a very substantial role in our education system. We cannot blame the educational system since we are product of the same; in fact we are still part of it. There are views and counterviews about it being good and bad, but there is no definite good or bad.
ReplyDeleteFacebook- well, nobody wants your number anymore all they want to know is, if you are on facebook. Ten minutes scrutiny of your profile and they know where you’re from, what have you been doing, your friends, your enemies, your-everything without uttering a word to you. Now, when liking a post or status is concerned we live in a society where we are capable of ‘liking’ people because someone else thinks they are ‘likable’ so liking a post is not a huge thing. There are cases where like has become a platform for mutual admiration ‘I like your post, because you liked mine, I loved your post I wouldn't like it because you didn't like my post’, though in reality these people wouldn't even greet each other with a simple hello. We live in a world where our voice is a lot more dissolved than our choice. We ‘like’ stuff because our friend likes it; our friend’s friend who we think is 'cool' likes it or because our friends dog likes it. This is also famously called the herd behavior.
Balance theory is useful in examining this, for example if a person you like, likes a status or a post you tend to like it to in order to achieve a psychological balance and at the same time the theory of persuasion(we are persuaded to like posts) and cognitive dissonance be applied to it.
I absolutely agree that we live in perpetual state of cognitive dissonance, our day starts and ends with it. Like a comment above said cognition talks about two or more ideas or beliefs at the same time. Cognitive Dissonance is somehow important because it helps us to make an accurate choice. We don’t know whether its marks or knowledge we want, we could debate all day as to how important knowledge is but the question is would be debate if there were no marks?
Cognitive dissonance is not a 20th or 21st century phenomenon. Yes, the nature of our dissonance has changed. Before getting to higher level theories like persuasion or CD, I think we need to pay attention to more rudimentary principles like social learning and motivation.
ReplyDeleteThe first example that you gave, where students are in a state of 'cognitive dissonance' about participating for knowledge vs. participating for marks, I don't see it as a case of cognitive dissonance in the first place. It is an outcome of social learning which we have gathered over the years in school and college, where you are EXPECTED to think about marks. Propaganda may be too harsh a word in this context, but these loaded messages have told a whole generation that the only thing that matters is marks. Even though any educated adult would say that working for marks is a futile, a sort of sleeper effect kicks in and you associate 'marks' with proficiency.
This brings us to point number two, what motivates people to do what they do, be it work only for marks or choose between liking and commenting on an update? B. F. Skinner(amongst other behaviorists) saw motivation as a push-pull interplay. 'Push motivation' is an outcome of persuasion, drive for social acceptance and fear of alienation. As Srirekha pointed out 'peer pressure'. So sometimes people choose to 'like' a post to show that they agree with the dominant view on a matter.
A 'pull motivation' on the other hand is driven by incentive. For e.g. marks is an incentive, social validation on Facebook is an incentive. There is something in it for you, which is a tangible benefit. And with the increasing number of choices, its all about convincing someone that there is something in it for them, doing what you want them to do (like taking part in discussions where no marks are involved). These choices and the perceived incentive associated with each of them is what causes cognitive dissonance.
Liking somebody’s status or commenting on it I feel best relates to uncertainty reduction theory. For instance a very popular example is when a GIRL puts up the best photo as display picture and is open to random adding to people to her list. In this case whatever she writes or whatever she puts up GUYS will keep LIKING or COMMENTING on it. They want to remove the gap between them and the GIRL. Cognitive Dissonance too takes place. GUYS are in two minds wheater to take the first move of “LINKING” or “commenting” or just wait.
ReplyDeleteBalance Theory by Fritz Heider and Theodore Newcomb can also be applicable. If a person A wants to be noticed by person B, then person A will keep consistency in his liking and attitude and try to impress person B. FACEBOOK trend is so over us that basic symbol representation has got another meaning. First “THUMB’S UP” represented “ALL THE BEST” but now it means “LIke”. This is a sought of persuasion that has logically made its statement and is accepted all round the world.
Talking about the first part of the question “Student study for marks or knowledge?” I would say obviously it’s for MARKS. Our educational system, colleges, institutes, cooperates fail to understand any other language apart from academics. If you do not clear your SSC with good percentage, then to get admission in best college or desirable field becomes impossible. Your future, your life, carrier is at stake. I seriously fail to understand if I don’t clear history in my SSC I waste a whole year whereas my field of interest is commerce. What connection does HISTORY have with COMMERCE?
So even if we want to increase my knowledge Marks play a very important role and then we fail to understand IS KNOWLEDGE IMPORTANT OR DEGREE (COGNITIVE DISSONANCE). Exams should be of what we know and not what we don’t know. Yes we are consistent on disliking exams (BALANCE THEORY)
Facebook वर काही काही group च्या post असतात त्यात Propaganda theory लागू होते. उदा. If u love u r mom the share/like if no then forget, मराठी असाल तर लाईक ठोका, शिवाजी महाराजांचा फोटो असतो आणि Caption असते की पाहूया किती मराठी आहेत किंवा कसाबचा फोटो असतो आणि Caption असते की 1 like 1 कानाखाली. म्हणजे एक भावनिक आवाहन केले जाते. Like च्या बाबतीत तिथे dislike option नसतो मग लोकं काय करतात post ला Like करून comment मध्ये शिव्या घालतात.
ReplyDeleteStarting from the first part of tyhe question,yes in case of studies we do face cognitive dissonance.we join a course thinking that will learn something new,an additional knowledge but the pattern of study is such that a a point of time we think shall I learn new or just copy or muggle up and finish the work.I would say studies don't create dissonsnce,it is the system that does.Taking an example from the famous hit movie 3 idiots where a boy named joy is so much in cognition that he ultimately sucides.This shows that there is a high digree of dissonance.
ReplyDeleteNow talking about facebook,after reading above comments,I saw many agreed that cognitive dissonance takes place in case of social networking sites,but I really don't think so.Neider does cognition nor persuation does.I don't think we really go in a mode of dissonance while commenting or liking a picture or status on facebook.it is actually a mutual acceptance,u liked so I liked,simple!.Now talking about persuation,well again nobody logically or credibally comes and persuades you to like their posts.its just a pschychological phenomena.
And neither do I believe that uncertainity reduction does because the gap is alreay reduced once you are" friends" on facebook.so major people really don't comment keeping uncertainity reduction in mind.
But yes,I can purely relate facebook to the " balance theory".The theory states that cognituve consistency conceptualises the drive towards pschychological balance.The proposes " sentiment" or liking relationships are balanced if the affectiveness in a system multiplies out to a positive result I.e,A physchological balance is created say you liked my status so I liked your status.leading to a cpnsistency between both the parties or say " friends".Also,ider has used an exaple of p,x,o which relates to the concept of mutual friends on facebook asimply common consistency is created say mathematically,if A=B and B=C,then obviously A=C.
Shalini shreedharan.
persuasion is typically defined as"human communication that is designed to influence others by modifying their beliefs, values or attitudes." argued that there are requirements for the sender, the means, and the recipient to consider something persuasive.first, persuasion involves a goal and the intext to achieve that goal on the part of the message sender. second , communication is the means to achieve that goal; their the message recipient must have free will( i.e. threatening physical harm if the recipient doesn't comply is usually considered force, not persuasion. accordingly persuasion theory , it is not accidental, nor is it coercive. it is inherently communicational.
ReplyDeletethe social cognitive theory is derived from constructing meaning and knowledge from social influence. the theory to conducted an experiment to prove how social influences including the media have adverse affects on people. for examples Facebook, flicker, google plus, linked in , my space, ozone, twitter, orkut, skyrock, ozone, twitter, skyrock, my life, all these sites to influence our society . especially children, people are continually learning and constructing meaning throughout there whole life communication within their community, our social structure very sophisticated , a child firstly persuade by his mother, after that his father, then friends. later he persuade surrounding his society and media. if we like his work then it increase and fill his confidence.
Today more students in higher education study for degree rather for marks or knowledge which is at wrong ethically but practically we cant prove them totally wrong also .This is due to intense competition in our country due to huge population , as our country is still developing we have poverty culture .This poverty culture create need in its subjects to earn (money , honor many things )more than their contemporaries , work hard get better grades , marks than others so leds to marks driven education system .This is also the reason behind growth of coaching classes .
ReplyDeletePropaganda also works here because elderly people , teachers always tell students tell students to get more marks and increase their position in class , this in future makes students marks oriented
And about commenting on social networking site the reason is unconscious motivation
It says that a significant portion of human behavior is energized and directed by unconscious motives, commenting on a friends status or photos can be because either to show affiliation to someone or to get ourselves recognized on social net working site. Unconscious desire can be different
Yes most of the students only study for marks and I have notice it many time whether it is class test or any particular exam. For this I should blame parents and education system. According to me there should be no marks system the entire exam should have grade system. Education system should take major step to change it. Today more students in higher education study for degree rather for marks or knowledge which is at wrong ethically but practically we can’t prove them totally wrong also, I agree with the Ninad. Propaganda theory comes into picture here as elder people in family and teachers always ask student to study hard for good marks. Persuasion theory also works here as many time parents and teachers persuade students to get a good marks in their respective exam.
ReplyDeleteFacebook is just a social media and nothing else for me, I will call it “Fakebook” where everything Fake (Identity). Facebook is barrier of communication for the people in the society. On the Facebook people just paste their photos and ask to comment and like their photos. If we don’t they will ask till we comment on it.
In today’s world technology matters in everybody life. The Surrender of Culture to Technology is a book by Neil Postman He defines a technopoly as a society in which technology is deified, meaning “the culture seeks its authorisation in technology, finds its satisfactions in technology, and takes its orders from technology”.
I agree that we live in perpetual state of cognitive dissonance, in everyday of our life.
In today’s busy world people want to live a carefree life and what things done by means of short cut methods. Today many of the students study just for degree and not to really become wise by gaining knowledge! As vinay correctly said, Facebook is just a social networking site and it can more precisely be called as “fake book” where there are fake people all around. It becomes a part of persuasion, (Persuasion Theory) where one pursues the other to have an account on face book! Someone who doesn’t wish to have a account on facebook, ponders and then thinks of making one!
ReplyDeleteThis can be more defined with the help of persuation theory.
As tushar said, there are things like If you like your mom, share it! I mean, what?
We all do, right? And there is no need for anyone to make us realize that how much do we love our mothers. Cognitive Dissonance here comes into picture..
I think there is nothing wrong in attitude of students who just work for marks. In today’s comparative world when you apply for job they will not ask you how many projects you had been completed as assignments they just want your mark sheets. still many a times student face this cognitive problem to go for knowledge or for marks. There are many cases where the parents want there child to be a topper but student personally believe in excellence in that subject. But if you study this issue with long term point of view you will find that in any case the student will get the advantage of knowledge more or less quantity.
ReplyDeleteIn second case it is more complicated as according to dictionary the meaning of Like is Find agreeable, enjoyable, or satisfactory. But since face book had change the concept of like. For example if there is news of somebody’s demise unconsciously or consciously people hit like button on facebook. For some people this LIKE means that the person who liked it must be out of his or her mind as they are enjoying somebody’s death. But according the person who liked it LIKE is equal to saying I had noticed this news update or I had read this.
But many a times people unlike if some one comments like how someone can like this post or some thing similar. This shows that the people get persuade after someone’s comment & take back their decision of liking the post. Next time when the person come across the same situation he got confused should I like the post or should I just comment on it. This will lead to cognitive discordance & at the end person will take decision with two thoughts in mind at a same time.
Where as when it comes to friends status people hit like according to number of likes that particular post has. & many a times there is Give & take relation between girls especially about the comment. This behavior can be traced back to Muted Group Theory where women’s support other women to highlight the issue raise by first women as they believe that they are in minority. The last part may not be totally relevant to in today’s social networking but the first half of reasoning is perfect to describe the habit of liking friend’s status irrelevant of what it contents. This is applicable in men’s situation but in less proportion.
Most of the time people like the status of other people just because most of his group of friend had liked that status & tempt to comment to show other people that I had also understood the status. & commented on it so don’t forget to comment on my next status. This is same as uncertainty reduction theory. People tend to like & discuss as most of people had discussed on that topic. & show that I am also aware about what your saying & I have my opinion.
Nowdays ,students studying for marks and peers - is not acceptable to me and sounds impractical too..Most of the students study for degree only very less number of students study for marks. In the professional world also nobody ask for marks ,everybody ask for degree and most importantly experience. Peers were never a competition or in race in terms of studies. Why should i study the whole syllabus when already provided with a marking scheme and important ones. I just have to figure out what’s important and what not, and fit that into the scheme. Doing the whole syllabus is so vast and creates confusion for me . I always study strategically and usually get good marks.
ReplyDeleteHuman beings are social animals and need some form of community. From the moment of birth, humans are social creatures. Indeed, without social interactions, no infant would survive. Even when we become capable of living independently, very few people seek to live in isolation. Instead, we generally welcome social interactions, and no study of behaviour would be complete without considering these interactions.. facebook is just an example of cognitive dissonace – all those thumps up and comments are just to stay connected , just to show yes we are watching, we are connected in one or the other manner and to avoid disconnections.
I agree whatever vinay said ,Let me inform you about certain startling facts. Why is india still a developing country and what is stopping it from being a developed country? There are various issues which has been obstacles since ages but one of them is education system . Its not students mistake that they are on race for marks , firstly the parents are responsible they force (propaganda theory ) their children to get into a field which are least interest to them . Secondly the education system and teaching faculty , they just concentrate on the syllabus which is a more theoretical then practical , which is waste when it comes to execution . There are very few faculty, they expect their students to do something which they are interested of and are passionate in doing it, such students are motivated(persuasion theory ) by their teachers . The education system needs a reform in order to set some agenda( agenda setting theory )for better future of the country .I think there is absence of cognitive dissonance in this case as students just study for marks .
ReplyDeleteFacebook which has made youngster so busy that they have forgotten that they have missed their precious time , which they should have utilised in playing games or some activities which they are capable of doing.People just waste their time in liking or commenting on other peoples status, so that when next time the status is updated then he might get more like and comments which would make his/her account more popular . while this process is going on people are confused (cognitive dissonance theory )but still they make decision which they are not willing to do .
Yes, I think most of the student from our age study only
ReplyDeletefor marks. This happened with me also, you study for exam in one night
after paper you didn’t know what we studied or we forget. Same case with
project also, you are studying whole night for a particular subject then
related stuff you do it for marks only.
But this (propaganda) was set by our parents, teachers.
Best line from 3 Idiots song, “99% LAYE TOH GHADI VARNA CHHADI.” You are
only here for marks. These lines boomeranged in our minds. That’s the
effect lot of student study for marks.
On facebook or any micro-blogging site people do this crap
thing. If one uploading his/her image people like or comment on his/her
wall, image, and comment. Most of the girl’s wall this thing we noticed.
This is called “Chaplussi.”People even don’t know what comment should like
on facebook or any micro blogging site. On death of Jagjit Singh, Rajesh
Khanna & Devanand people like status.
Result played very crucial role in our life. But if you
study that living long lasting time then it will sure broaden our idea
thinking. That’s balancing socially as well as yourself. In this case marks
or result Cognitive dissonance applicable on the other hand for micro
blogging site Balancing theory apply.
One of the most important parts of Facebook is that we can all browse it freely and without consequence. When we decide to take an action such as commenting on a photo, it is then that we make ourselves known. The simplest action being, I like this.In the case of Facebook, because we are interacting primarily with those whom we have chosen as our friends and colleagues, the stakes are much higher than they are on a more anonymous platform. Facebook allows us to discover which of our friends ,often much to our astonishment, hold views we consider objectionable or bizarre. To some extent, it’s a regular exercise in cognitive dissonance, as we struggle to reconcile our fondness for a person with our horror at her or his views. Some times you likes to any one on the facebook and if he not accepted your request then you starts to criticize him. Really its cognitive effect because you like something but you not got it then you started criticize .
ReplyDeleteFacebook has for a long time been about explicit actions. When they introduced a like button for websites, this was a great example of an explicit action. I click a button and tell the world I like this page.
One dilemma that continues to persist in the minds is whether to focus on grades or on knowledge. What is more important getting better grades or acquiring more knowledge? But sadly today the atmosphere is such that Marksheet is knowledge report card. Today one is not considered Knowledgeable if he or she scores less marks. And the system is to blame for it. Higher the grade most likely is the student going to get in best institute, better job offers.
ReplyDeleteKnowledge = marksheet.
Well everyone today is on face book, be it knowledgeable person or a book worm. Facebook is a platform were everyone has opinion about everything and can be projected by just one click on like button and you are the part of a like minded group directly or indirectly .Well of course here, our choices are lot of time influenced by others as we get easily influenced by people whom we like or are in sync with. Sometimes we tend to even like stuff just because we know them or are good friends with them. Well ,Balance Theory is apt for understanding such type of behavior.
Yes, I agree with prathamesh that student from our age study only for marks. It is because this (propoganda) is set by our parents and teacher. They believe in marks it is because by getting good marks in exams student can make his future bright. due to this reason student study only for marks not for accquring knowledge. student just ratofy they are not interested to read any book.
ReplyDeletecomming on facebook people wnat comment or like for his image or for his status from other.but some people don't know which status should be like, as prathamesh and izaz mention in there comment some people like the status of Jaspal Bhatti, devanand or rajesh khanna's death. nobody like the news of death but without knowing the meaning of the status people put like on any rubish things
in this Cognitive dissonance is applicable on other hand izaz mention that technopoly by Neil Postman can also be applied
Comments and shares from fans on and about your posts tell you an amazing amount about your audience. Don’t just count numbers here – look at what they are saying and feed this insight back into your editorial plan.
ReplyDeleteWhere are you fans interacting with each other in your comments? What can you learn from this for further postings?
comments are the start of a conversation with you from potential brand advocates. Don’t just blanket ‘like’ all comments on a post – it’s meaningless and demeans the effort the people posting have made.
Yes, I think it is true that the students today are in a perpetual state of cognitive dissonance as to whether they should study for marks or for knowledge. However, what is worth noting is that knowledge does not hold a very important place in the society, today. People are considered to be as good as their marks. Evidence of this belief is seen in family discussions, job appointments & when comparisons are made between two students. The focal point of the discussion is not 'knowledge' but 'marks' & 'percentages'. Although, being in a perpetual state of cognitive dissonance is not a modern phenomenon. But it has indeed grown leaps & bounds. This is one reason why students, today, find themselves in such a state. And as far as Facebook is considered, it has indeed persuaded people to open their accounts on it. Also, another thing which Facebook offers is that one is always in the company of his friends. So, either directly or indirectly it's the 'Peer Pressure' working.
ReplyDeleteToday gaining good grade is more important .Well not necessary good grader has good knowledge. Normally it should not be an either or questions as better knowledge should lead to better grades but the evaluation system is so subjective and convoluted despite all efforts to make it more objective and simple that the students focused on higher grades do not hesitate cutting corners and go to extremes to make their grade sheet look better. The fault lies with our entire education system which encourages students to score higher marks which enables them to get into coveted institutions for higher education which in turn leads to better jobs; Society is more grade oriented rather than knowledge oriented. And when asked about face book yes , the balance theory clearly proves that people easily get influenced by likes or comments made by people who influence us or who are liked by our peer or family or people around us.
ReplyDeleteI admire this article for the well-researched content and excellent wording. I got so involved in this material that I couldn’t stop reading. I am impressed with your work and skill. Thank you so much. eğitim psikoloji
ReplyDeletePositive site, where did u come up with the information on this posting?I have read a few of the articles on your website now, and I really like your style. Thanks a million and please keep up the effective work. GLM aftermarket OMC parts
ReplyDeleteYes, I think it is true that the students today are in a perpetual state of cognitive dissonance as to whether they should study for marks or for knowledge. However, what is worth noting is that knowledge does not hold a very important place in the society, today. People are considered to be as good as their marks.
ReplyDeletehorse racing
Impressive web site, Distinguished feedback that I can tackle. I am moving forward and may apply to my current job as a pet sitter, which is very enjoyable, but I need to additional expand. Regards
ReplyDeletevirtual coach program
Hey, this day is too much good for me, since this time I am reading this enormous informative article here at my home. Thanks a lot for massive hard work. car accident attorney Madison WI
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteI have a similar interest this is my page read everything carefully and let me know what you think. More about the author
ReplyDeleteGreat job here on _______ I read a lot of blog posts, but I never heard a topic like this. I Love this topic you made about the blogger's bucket list. Very resourceful. 성인용품
ReplyDelete